Note:
This list is the outcome of 2 weeks of fieldwork and collecting between the Western River CP eastern boundary and Snug Cove. The first week of this biological survey took place in November 2001 and the second in March 2002. The participants were Mrs Karen Gowlett-Holmes of CSIRO (Hobart), Mr Thierry Laperousaz of the South Australian Museum and David Muirhead (keen amateur under water photographer). The transport to the dive sites and the diving were made from the Catamaran "Wind Cheetah" of Jim Thistleton.
Specimens of marine invertebrates were collected by scuba diving and photographed in their natural habitat. All captured animals have been deposed as vouchers specimens in the Marine Invertebrates Collections of the South Australian Museum. All photographs are lodged in the slide collection and the respective data were entered in the photoindex register.
This list is not definitive and will have to be updated due to later identifications provided by different experts as well as the ongoing curation of the material. It does not yet include a number of very interesting specimens found on the last trip, as these have yet to be sorted properly.
The number of unidentified specimens given in each group is relevant to specimens that have not been identified to genus level.

It includes material photographed and collected by Karen Gowlett-Holmes in this area but outside of these trips.

Karen Gowlett-Holmes Curriculum Vitae (PDF file which requires Adobe Acrobat Reader)

Species listed with "cf." between the genus and species indicate that this identification is not 100% - usually these are groups that need more work to define the currently named species. Many of these species may need to be properly described.

Work was concentrated on reef and rock walls. Little sampling has yet been done in seagrass and from algae. Under-boulder fauna is also under-represented.

Please note that there has been NO intertidal collecting done in this area during this survey as yet, and virtually no intertidal species are included in the list. Lists of intertidal species from Kangaroo Island are available, and we expect the vast majority of these to be present in this area

PORIFERA
(Sponges - This is a gross underestimate of the fauna present. This group requires specialist collecting, and we have not yet done any concentrated work on it. Many of the unidentified species, and those only identified to genus, will be new to science and undescribed)

Sycon spp. (at least 4 species, possibly all new)
Tethya bergquistae (tomato sponge)
Aplysilla sulphurea
Aplysilla rosea
Holopsamma laminaefavosa (honeycomb sponge)
Dysidea sp.
Carteriospongia calyciformis (vase sponge)
Ircinia sp.
Halichona sp.
Chondropsis sp.
Mycale sp.

Unidentified: 15+

CNIDARIA

Hydrozoa
(Hydroids - This is a gross underestimate of the fauna present. This group requires specialist collecting, and we have not yet done any concentrated work on it.)

Stereotheca elongata
Sertularella sp.
Halicornopsis elegans
Tubularia ralphi
Aglaophenia divaricata
Salacia sinuosa
Gymnangium superbum (golden feather hydroids)
Gymnangium ascidioides
Ralpharia magnifica (magnificent hydroids - large, solitary)
Solanderia fusca
Plumularia procumbens
Halicornopsis elegans
Campanularia caliculata

Unidentified: 2+

Hexacorallia

Anthothoe albocincta (white-lined anemone)
Phlyctenanthus australis (mulberry anemone)
Phlyctenactis tuberculosa (wandering anemone)
Zoanthus robustus (green zoanthid anemones)
Isaurus cliftoni (mottled zoanthid anemones - at eastern end of range)
Parazoanthus sp.n. (golden zoanthid anemones - undescribed species, at western end of range)
Epizoanthus sabulosus (commensal gray zonathid anemones)
Epiactis cf. australiensis (candy-stripe anemone)
Corynactis cf. australis (jewel anemones - most likely new species)
Plesiastrea versipora (plate coral - at eastern end of range)
Coscinaraea mcneilli (plate coral - at eastern end of range)
Scolymia australis (solitary coral - at eastern end of range)
Culicia sp. (colonial coral - may be more than one species present)

Unidentified: 1

Octocorallia
(Octocorals generally need a deal more work done on them before we can identify most species with certainty.)

Capnella cf. gaboensis (soft coral)
Capnella sp. (soft coral)
Mopsella zimmeri (gorgonians - flat)
Mopsella klunzingeri (gorgonian- bushy)
Acabaria sp. (bramble coral - probably a new species)
Erythropodium hicksoni (encrusting leather coral - usually in association with the solitary hydroids Ralpharia magnifica)

Unidentified: 3 (includes the common tiny purple octocoral, a new species which we cannot even place in a family with certainty at present [P. Alderslade, pers. comm. to KLGH]. This species is currently known only from Kangaroo Island to the Investigator Group)

PLATYHELMINTHES
(Flatworms - free-living species only, probably an underestimate of species present, need more collecting)

Notoplana australis (brown flatworm)
Pseudoceros lividus (blue flatworm)

Unidentified: 1

NEMERTEA
(Ribbon worms - a very poorly known group)

Unidentified: 1 (probably undescribed)

ECHIURA

Metabonellia haswelli (green spoon worm)

ANNELIDA
(Polychaete worms - This is a gross underestimate of the fauna present. This group requires specialist collecting, and we have not yet done any concentrated work on it. Many of the unidentified species, and those only identified to genus, will be new to science and undescribed.)

Eunice sp.
Sabellastarte sp.
Polydorella sp. (?)
Filograna implexa
Protula sp.
Eumida sp.
Lepidonotus melanogrammus (commensal scale worm -only lives with the brittlestar Ophionereis schayeri)
Loimia sp. (?)
Serpulids worms ( 3 unidentified species)

Unidentified: 8+

BRACHIOPODA
(Lamp shells - a very ancient group)

Cancellothyris hedleyi

Reef
BRYOZOA
(Bryozoans - This is a gross underestimate of the fauna present. We have not yet done much sampling of the smaller encrusting species. Many of the unidentified species, and those only identified to genus, will be new to science and undescribed)

Cyclostomes
Hornera foliacea (lace bryozoan)
Hornera lichenoides (lace bryozoan)
Hornera robusta (lace bryozoan)

Ctenostomes
Amathia cf wilsoni (eaten by pycnogonids)
Cryptopolyzoon sp. (sand-ball bryozoan)

Cheilostomes
Beania magellanica (soft bryozoan)
Biflustra perfragilis
Caberea grandis (soft bryozoan)
Caberea glabra (soft bryozoan)
Canda filifera (soft bryozoan)
Vittaticella elegans
Bugula serrata (soft bryozoan)
Bugula dentata (soft bryozoan)
Dimetopia sp. (soft bryozoan)
Adeonellopsis sp. (a deepwater species (80m+) found in caves and walls in this area)
Cellaria tenuirostris (soft bryozoan)
Phidolopora sp. (lace bryozoan)
Celleporaria spp. (2 or more species, probably undescribed)
Triphyllozoon moniliferum (lace bryozoan)
Triphyllozoon umbonatum (lace bryozoan)
Triphyllozoon munitum (lace bryozoan)
Triphyllozoon sinuatum (lace bryozoan)
Iodictyum phoeniceum (lace bryozoan)
Orthoscuticella ventricosa (soft bryozoan)
Catenicella sp. (soft bryozoan)
Gregarinidra sp. (soft bryozoan)
Retiflustra reticulatum (soft bryozoan)

Unidentified: 15+

PYCNOGONIDA

Stylopallene cheilorhynchus (black-knee sea spider, feeds only on the soft bryozoan Amathia cf wilsoni)

Unidentified: 3+

CRUSTACEA
(Crustaceans - This is a gross underestimate of the fauna present, particularly of the small crustaceans eg amphipods, isopods, mysids etc. These groups require specialist collecting, and we have not yet done any concentrated work on them. There are many unidentified species - many of these will be new to science and undescribed)

Podocerus sp. (commensal amphipods, with ascidians, probably a new species)
Euidotea bakeri (sea centipedes)
Parastacilla sp. (Skeleton-louse - Isopod)
Palaemon serenus (rock-pool shrimp)
Alpheus novaezelandiae (pistol prawn)
Alpheus villosus (hairy yellow pistol prawn)
Periclimenes aesopius (cleaner shrimp - member of a tropical Indopacific group, this species is at the eastern end of its range)
Paguristes frontalis (hermit crab)
Pagurixus handrecki (striped hermit crab)
Lomis hirta (stone crab)
Jasus edwardsii (rock lobster)
Ebalia intermedia (pebble crab)
Stimdromia lateralis (Ridged Sponge-crab)
Plagusia chabrus (red bait crab)
Halicarcinus rostratus (flat-back spider crab)
Actaea calculosa (pink rock crab)
Actaea peronii (thorn-leg crab)

MOLLUSCA
(Molluscs - this is an underestimate of the shelled mollusc species present, as we were concentrating on the soft bodied and less well-known groups. There are good, detailed lists of the molluscs present on Kangaroo Island, and we expect to find most of them in this area.)

Polyplacophora
(Chitons - KLGH is an internationally recognised expert on this group. However, she expects to find at least another 10 species in this area, mainly rarer, hard-to-find ones that live in specialised habitats.)

Rhyssoplax calliozona
Rhyssoplax diaphora
Rhyssoplax tricostalis
Ischnochiton (I.) contractus
Ischnochiton (I.) elongatus
Ischnochiton (I.) lineolatus
Ischnochiton (I.) variegatus
Ischnochiton (Haploplax) smaragdinus
Ischnochiton (Heterozona) cariosus
Ischnochiton (Ischnoradsia) australis
Stenochiton logicymba
Callochiton crocinus
Callistochiton antiquus
Plaxiphora albida
Lorica volvox
Loricella angasi (a predatory species that feeds on small crustaceans)
Cryptoplax iredalei
Cryptoplax striata
Notoplax addenda (a specialist sponge-feeding species)

Gastropoda
(As stated above, this is an under estimate of the shelled molluscs present.)

Haliotis conicopora (black-lip abelone)
Haliotis cyclobates (high-back abelone)
Haliotis laevigata (green-lip abelone)
Haliotis rubra (black lip abelone)
Haliotis roei (Roe's abelone)
Haliotis scalaris (wrinkled abelone)
Amblychilepas nigrita (keyhole limpet)
Scutus antipodes (shield or elephant slug)
Cosmetalepas concatenatus (pitted keyhole limpet)
Tugali cicatricosa (little shield shell)
Granata imbricata (little false abelone)
Clanculus undatus (strawberry top shell)
Stomatella impertusa (false ear shell)
Phasianella ventricosa (stout pheasant shell)
Turbo jourdani (giant turban shell)
Turbo torquatus (turban shell)
Turbo undulatus (turban shell)
Cypraea angustata (brown cowry)
Cypraea comptoni (brown cowry)
Cypraea piperita (pepper cowry)

Cypraea-thersites

Lamellaria ophione (sea slug)
Hipponix australis (cap limpet)
Serpulorbis sipho (worm shell)
Thais baileyana (whelk)
Thais orbita (cart-rut whelk)
Pleuroploca australasiae (tulip shell)
Conus anemone (cone shell)
Mitrella semiconvexa (dove shell)

Gastropoda - Opisthobranchia
(Sea slugs & nudibranchs - these tend to be rare in space and time - uncommon in an area and often seasonal. More sampling will add more species.)

Aplysia parvula (sea hare)
Tylodina corticalis (yellow umbrella slug)
Sagaminopteron ornatum (purple butterfly slug - an Indopacific species found in the tropics (eg Indonesia, as well as Japan, at the most southern end of its distribution (and most eastern along the southern coast)
Siphopteron cf. tigrinum (tiger butterfly slug - either a significant range extension for an otherwise tropical Pacific species, or a new species)
Polybranchia pallens (leafy sea slug)
Ceratosoma amoena (nudibranch)

Ceratosoma brevicaudatum (short-tailed nudibranch)
Chromodoris epicuria (nudibranch)
Chromodoris tinctoria (nudibranch)
Chromodoris sp.n. (an undescribed species also known from Port Phillip Bay)
Hypselodoris infucata (an Indopacific species also found in tropical waters (eg Indonesia), at the most southern end of its distribution (and most eastern along the southern coast))
Tambja verconis (Verco' tambja nudibranch)
Dendrodoris carneola (orange nudibranch)
Dendrodoris albopurpurea (black-spotted nudibranch)
Doriopsilla peculiaris (nudibranch)
Aphelodoris cf lawsae (nudibranch)
Neodoris chrysoderma (yellow nudibranch)
Sclerodoris tarka (nudibranch)

Trapania aureomaculata (orange-spot nudibranch - previously only known from Sydney Harbour)
Trapania brunnea (little brown nudibranch)
Spurilla macleayi (aeolid nudibranch)
Flabellina rubropurpurata (flabellina nudibranch)
Phidiana cf newcombi (aeolid nudibranch)

Bivalvia
(Bivalves, cockles etc - as stated above, this is an under estimate of the shelled molluscs present.)

Barbatia pistachia (ark shell)
Barbatia riculata (ark shell)
Ephippodonta macdougalli (moon cockle - commensal with slow prawns)
Cleidothaerus albidus (rock shell)
Lima lima vulgaris (file clam)
Malleus meridianus (hammer oyster)
Chlamys asperrima (sponge or doughboy scallop)

Cephalopoda
(Cuttlefish, octopus and squid - active, mobile and secretive, these are hard to sample. More species will be found with more sampling)

Idiosepia notoides (grass squid)
Sepioteuthis australis (southern calamari squid)

Sepia apama (giant cuttlefish - largest species of cuttlefish in the world)

Hapalochlaena maculosa (blue-ring octopus)

Octopus bunurong (spindly-arm octopus - rare, first record from KI)
Pinnoctopus cordiformis (Flinders octopus - largest species in Australia)

ECHINODERMATA
(Echinoderms - some groups have been well sampled and are well known, others will require more work.

Crinoidea
(crinoids - difficult to sample, will require more work)

Cenolia trichoptera
Ptilometra macronema (passion flower crinoid - normally found in deepwater (50m+))
Antedon incommoda
Comatulella brachiolata

Asteroidea
(sea stars - need to sample more under-boulder fauna, otherwise reasonably comprehensive)

Tosia australis (biscuit seastar)
Pentagonaster dubeni (vermilion seastar)
Nectria macrobrachium (seastar)
Nectria multispina (seastar)
Nectria ocellata (seastar)
Nectria pedicelligera (seastar)
Nectria wilsoni (seastar)
Asterina atyphoida (seastar)
Patiriella brevispina (purple cushion star)
Patiriella gunni (cushion star)
Fromia polypora (yellow seastar)
Echinaster arcystatus (seastar)
Plectaster decanus (network seastar)
Petricia vernicina (velvet seastar)
Allostichaster polyplax (half & half seastar)
Coscinasterias muricata (eleven-arm seastar)
Smilasterias irregularis (long-arm seastar)
Uniophora granifera (rough seastar)

Ophiuroidea
(Brittlestars - an underestimate of the fauna, as little of the sand and underboulder fauna was sampled)

Conocladus australis (basketstar - at western end of distribution)
Astroboa ernae (basketstar - at eastern end of distribution)
Ophiomyxa australis (brittlestar)
Ophiothrix sp. (brittlestar)
Clarkoma pulchra (hairy-arm brittlestar)
Ophionereis schayeri (snake star)
Ophiarachnella ramsayi (snake star)

Unidentified: 1+

Echinoidea
(Sea urchins - reasonably comprehensive, need more samples of irregular urchins and algae/seagrass species)

Goniocidaris impressa (spikey spined urchin)
Phyllacanthus irregularis (slate-pencil urchin)
Centrostephanus tenuispinus (long-spined urchin)
Heliocidaris erythrogramma (edible urchin)
Peronella peronii (little sand dollar)

Holothurioidea
(Sea cucumbers - need more sampling of sand and under boulder species)

Stichopus mollis
Holothuria hartmeyeri

Unidentified: 3

ASCIDIACEA
(Ascdiians - This is an underestimate of the fauna present. Many species are seasonal and short-lived, and are difficult to identify. Many of the unidentified species will be new to science and undescribed)

Ascidia sydneiensis (solitary ascidian)
Phallusia obesa (solitary ascidian)
Pseudodistoma gracile (compound ascidian)
Eudistoma constrictum (compound ascidian)
Eudistoma maculosum (compound ascidian)
Euherdmania translucida (transparent solitary ascidian)
Herdmania momus (solitary ascidian)
Herdmania fimbriae (solitary ascidian - a newly described species)
Pyura australis (sea tulip ascidian)
Pyura irregularis (solitary ascidian)
Pyura gibbosa (sea tulip ascidian)
Pyura spinifera (sea tulip ascidian - usually deep water (40m+, at western end of distribution))
Pycnoclavella tabella (colonial ascidian)
Clavelina australis (compound ascidian - a western range extension)
Clavelina cylindrica (compound ascidian - at western end of distribution)
Clavelina moluccensis (compound ascidian - an Indopacific species also found in tropical waters (eg Indonesia), at the most southern end of its distribution (and most eastern along the southern coast))
Clavelina ostrearium (solitary ascidian)
Stomozoa australiensis (colonial ascidian)
Perophora multiclathrata (colonial ascidian - western end of range)
Ritterella asymetrica (compound ascidian)
Ritterella pedunculatus (compound ascidian)
Sycozoa cerebriformis (compound ascidian)
Hypsistozoa distomoides (compound ascidian - western end of range)
Hypodistoma mirabile (compound ascidian)
Polycitor giganteus (compound ascidian)
Synoicum sp. (compound ascidian)
Polyandrocarpa lapidosa (compound ascidian)
Aplidium clivosum (compound ascidian)
Aplidium opacum (compound ascidian)
Aplidium multiplicatum (compound ascidian)
Aplidium brevilarvacium (compound ascidian)
Leptoclinides spp. (encrusting species - probably several species and likely to be new)
Didemnum spp. (encrusting species - probably several species and likely to be new)
Botrylloides leachii (compound ascidian)
Botrylloides magnicoecum (compound ascidian)
Botrylloides perspicuum (compound ascidian)
Botrylloides saccus (compound ascidian - a newly described species known only from KI)
Botryllus schlosseri (compound ascidian)
Stolonica australis (colonial ascidian)
Halocynthia dumosa (solitary ascidian)

Unidentified: 14+